The Art of Translation

To discuss the art of literary translation is to a large extent to mystify it if we disregard the unruly manner in which it has been practiced throughout history. For although writing between two different languages has always been integral part of national literatures and the exchanges between them, the most striking, the truly captivating thing about it is its variations rather than any single characteristic or aspect.

This cannot be overstressed. Even though we have grown accustomed to the fact that translation is today a field of academic study, no different than, say, applied linguistics or sociology, translating literature has always been perceived and practiced in a variety of manners and styles, following a variety of literary and writerly traditions. The very idea that an academic course could be an inlet into writing would strike even an early twentieth-century aspiring poet as absurd. Compare with the practice of Antoin Galland who translated liberally the Arabian Nights into French and into a ninetieth-century best-seller, the very man to whom we owe the notion of les belles infidèles; or with Mallarmé, or Chateaubriand who out of admiration for sublime forms and imagery found in the works of E. A. Poe and Milton respectively translated them to international notoriety.

Let us also remind ourselves that mastery of the foreign languages out of which these literati translated was not in the least a consideration. Translation in the whole of the nineteenth century in France, for instance, was being done entirely by established authors with a vivid interest in foreign literatures but with no linguistic training to speak of. Nor was it necessary back then to compare the source-text to the target-text in order to judge the quality of the translation, as seems to have become the norm in Eurocentric letters after the 1830s. As a matter of fact, it seems that the less 'professionally' - to be anachronistic - these authors translated, the more effective their work was. Not only did they translate - widely and eclectically for that matter - but they also prefaced their translations, wrote extended reviews and critical pieces and at times went out of their way to promote them ardently in the receiving culture. The history of translation and literature is full of instances of authors, reviewers and scholars who 'campaigned' for previously unknown foreign authors through translation: Voltaire for Hamlet, Hugo for Shakespeare, Kafka for Conrad, Zide for Taha Hussein, Giono for Melville, and the list goes on.

In other words, literary translation was for a very long time considered to be a literary workshop for writers of prose and poetry, a kind of a rite de passage and an invaluable exercise in literary writing. This type of translation puts the emphasis not so much on linguistic equivalence - as the modern perception would have it - but rather on eclectic affinities between the two writers in dialogue, the translated and the translating; on experimentation with forms, structures and creative devices that the foreign work makes explicit, and which would stretch the target-language usages and conventions once appropriated; finally, on discovering genres, traditions, narrating styles and voices and importing them to their own writing, both translational and non-non-translational. This is why influential writers from the likes of Goethe down to Pound, Paz and Nabokov, have insisted on the irreplaceable value of acknowledging the Other embodied in a foreign work to be translated. Without any doubt, literary writing is enriched in ways unimaginable were it to contend itself with resources found in national language and literature alone, were it not, that is to say, for the activity of translation.

The distinction between contemporary and past ideas about the art of literary translation does not need to polarise our understanding of it. Interestingly, the standardisation of literary translation we are experiencing today, which is so typical of the institutionalisation of translator training, led to a similar emphasis on the creative potential of translation, even though from a different path. Theory might be a large part of most Western-European translation curricula, still in need of some justification for some. But such an approach, cautious in establishing links with the past and ongoing debates on core issues of translation, has led to a renewed valorisation of the source-text.

Whether focussing on belles-lettres or applied and communicative approaches to translation, there is more consensus today about the need to maintain the foreign essence in form and content of the source-text. Foreignisation makes all the rage today for reasons that do not have only to do with the ideological stakes of emerging categories of the population which, although very much part of a society’s diverse pool of creative forces, were until recently eclipsed by history – women, ethnic minorities, gays. Foreignisation has become central to translation debates because it is seen as a means to fertilise the native literary ground. This potential might seem destructive in terms of conventional traditions but it is hugely enriching in terms of creativity and can only come forth in translation.

Vietnam - Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette

Facts and Statistics

Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Gulf of Thailand, Gulf of Tonkin, and South China Sea, alongside China, Laos, and Cambodia

Capital: Hanoi

Climate: tropical in south; monsoonal in north with hot, rainy season (mid-May to mid-September) and warm, dry season (mid-October to mid-March)

Population: 82,689,518 (July 2004 est.)

Ethnic Make-up: Vietnamese 85%-90%, Chinese, Hmong, Thai, Khmer, Cham, various mountain groups

Religions: Buddhist, Hoa Hao, Cao Dai, Christian (predominantly Roman Catholic, some Protestant), indigenous beliefs and Muslim

The Language

Vietnamese, Vietnam's official language, is a tonal language that can be compared to Cambodia's official language, Khmer. With each syllable, there are six different tones that can be used, which change the definition and it often makes it difficult for foreigners to pick up the language.

There are other languages spoken as well such as Chinese, Khmer, Cham and other languages spoken by tribes inhabiting the mountainous regions. Although there are some similarities to Southeast Asian languages, such as Chinese, Vietnamese is thought to be a separate language group, although a member of the Austro-Asiatic language family.

In written form, Vietnamese uses the Roman alphabet and accent marks to show tones. This system of writing called quoc ngu, was created by Catholic missionaries in the 17th century to translate the scriptures. Eventually this system, particularly after World War I, replaced one using Chinese characters (chu nom), which had been the unofficial written form used for centuries.

Vietnamese Culture & Society

Confucianism

• The teachings of Confucius influence the Vietnamese describe the position of the individual in Vietnamese society.
  
  
• Confucianism is a system of behaviours and ethics that stress the obligations of people towards one another based upon their relationship.
  
  
• The basic tenets are based upon five different relationships:
  
  
• Ruler and subject
• Husband and wife
• Parents and children
• Brothers and sisters
• Friend and friend

Confucianism stresses duty, loyalty, honour, filial piety, respect for age and seniority, and sincerity.

The Family

• Vietnamese life revolves around the family.
• The Vietnamese family consists of the nuclear as well as the extended family.
• It is not uncommon for three generations to be living together under one roof.
• In Confucian tradition, the father is the head of the family and it is his responsibility to provide food, clothing and shelter and make important decisions.
• Within the same tradition it is believed that after someone dies their spirit lives on.

Descendents will "worship" their ancestors to ensure their good favour. On the anniversary of a person's death, ceremonies are held in their memory. They are also remembered during certain lunar festivals and souls are consulted prior to important decisions or occasions such as a birth or a wedding.

Face

• As with many other Asian nations, the concept of face is extremely important to the Vietnamese.
• Face is a tricky concept to explain but can be roughly described a quality that reflects a person's reputation, dignity, and prestige.
• It is possible to lose face, save face or give face to another person.
• Companies as well as individuals can have face or lose face.
• For foreigners it is important to be aware that you may unintentionally cause a loss of face so it is important to be aware of your words and actions. Understanding how face is lost, saved or given is critical.
• Someone can be given face by complimenting them for their hospitality or business acumen. Accusing someone of poor performance or reprimanding them publicly will lead to a loss of face.

Collectivism

• In general, the Vietnamese are a collectivists.
• The individual is seen as secondary to the group - whether the family, school or company.
• As a result there are strict guidelines for social interaction that are designed to protect a group's face

Hierarchy

• As with most group-orientated societies there are also hierarchical structures.
• In Vietnam these are very much based upon age and status.
• This derives from Confucianism, which emphasizes social order. Everyone is seen as having a distinct place and role within the hierarchical structure, be it the family or workplace.
• An obvious example is seen in social situations where the oldest person in a group is greeted or served first.
• Within the family the head would be responsible for making decisions and approving marriages.

Etiquette and Customs in Vietnam

Vietnamese society has a fair amount of public etiquette. The following are some of the more common points:

• Avoid public displays of affection with a member of the opposite sex.
• Do not touch someone's head.
• Pass items with both hands.
• Do not point with your finger - use your hand.
• Do not stand with your hands on your hips.
• Do not cross your arms on your chest.
• Do not pass anything over someone's head.
• Do not touch anyone on the shoulder.
• Do not touch a member of the opposite sex.
• Shorts should only be worn at the beach.

Dining Etiquette

If invited to a Vietnamese home:

• Bring fruit, sweets, flowers, fruit, or incense.
• Gifts should be wrapped in colourful paper.
• Do not give handkerchiefs, anything black, yellow flowers or chrysanthemums.

Table Manners

• Wait to be shown where to sit.
• The oldest person should sit first.
• Pass dishes with both hands.
• The most common utensils are chopsticks and a flat spoon.
• Chopsticks should be placed on the table or a chopstick rest after every few mouthfuls or when breaking to drink or speak.
• People hold bowls close to their faces.
• Hold the spoon in your left hand while eating soup.
• Meals are typically served family-style.
• Try to finish everything on your plate.
• When you are finished eating, rest your chopsticks on top of your rice bowl.
• Cover your mouth when using a toothpick.

Business Etiquette and Protocol

Etiquette in Vietnam

• Appointments are required and should be made several weeks in advance.
• The best means of doing so is through a local representative who can act as a reference and also translator/interpreter.
• The Vietnamese are punctual and expect others to be so to.
• Dress conservatively.
• Handshakes are used upon meeting and departing. Handshakes only usually take place between members of the same sex.
• Some Vietnamese use a two-handed shake, with the left hand on top of the right wrist.
• Always wait for a woman to extend her hand. If she does not, bow your head slightly.
• Business cards are exchanged on initial meetings and should be presented with both hands. When receiving business cards ensure you show proper respect to it and do not simply glance at it and put it on the table.
• Hierarchy and face manifest in different ways within business meetings. For example, the most senior person should always enter the room first.
• Silence is also common in meetings where someone disagrees with another but remains quiet so as to not cause a loss of face.
• Relationships are critical to successful business partnerships. Always invest time in building a good relationship based on both personal and business lines. Any initial meeting should be solely used as a "getting to know you" meeting.
• The spoken word is very important. Never make promises that you can not keep to as this will lead to a loss of face.
• Negotiations can be slow so it is important to bear in mind that decisions have to go through a lot of red tape and also group consultation. Be patient.
• Business gift giving is fairly common at the end of a meeting or during a meal in honour of your business associates. Gifts should be small but not expensive. Something with your company logo or something typical from your country both make excellent gifts.

Benefits of Website Localization

Maximising profit today involves reaching beyond national markets. Accessing an international customer base is vital if a business wants to expand and participate in international trade.

"Localization" relates to the act of modifying a product to make it both usable and suitable to a target market. Website localization therefore refers to the process of taking an English, western-orientated, website and moulding it to conform to a foreign audience.

The World Wide Web, as its name suggests, is a means by which businesses can reach an international audience. Companies are now recognising that a key step in successfully approaching and selling to international customers is through website localization.

Website localization brings with it numerous benefits. The three main benefits of localization are:

Website localization crosses language barriers

32% of internet users around the world are non-native English speakers. With PC ownership and access to the internet most rapidly increasing outside of North America and Europe, this figure will increase even more. Website localization breaks linguistic barriers and opens doors to other continents.

Companies are now waking up to the fact that English is no longer the international language but one of many including French, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese. With the number of companies now realising the benefits of website localization, there are more pages in foreign languages than ever before. This means if your company's site has not undergone the localization process yet, it will be playing catch up in the future.

Website localization builds credibility

If your company only has a site in English and your competitor in all major languages, which one will gain more credibility? Localization of your website demonstrates that you are a truly international player. In addition, through localization it shows that you understand, value and have respect for that particular country or region.

Website localization increases revenue

Billions of dollars, pounds and francs in potential revenue are lost each year due to lack of investment in website localization. Most internet users will naturally feel more comfortable and understand a company better if their information, products or services are presented in their native language. By undergoing the website localization process you access potentially millions of new customers.

It is clear that website localization is a must for any truly international business. In addition to the technical and programming elements of website localization many cultural factors must be borne in mind.

For example, has language been translated properly and cultural variations in terminology, phrases, metaphors and sayings been taken into consideration? Have symbols, graphics, pictures, colours and general layout been viewed for their cultural applicability?

Website localization is a huge investment and should not be viewed as a straightforward process. When localizing your site, ensure you get the expertise of both a website designer and a cross cultural communications consultancy to ensure your site has maximum impact on the target audience.

Website Translation

Websites are now a crucial part of most businesses. They generate revenue, offer an avenue for promotion and are an easily accessible means of providing information on a company. However, the global economy now demands that companies look beyond national borders if they wish to expand.

Many developing countries now have internet access, internet cafes can be found from Bogotá to Bangkok and the falling costs of PC's means more home users are logging on. This means there is a large pool of potential visitors to your site. However, the majority of these will not speak English. Website translation is therefore critical.

Website translation is currently big business as companies and site owners begin to realise its benefits. Type 'website translation' into the major search engines and you are instantly met with paid advertisements and streams of links to 'relevant' sites. However, it is important to carefully consider any website translation project properly as there are many potential pitfalls.

Firstly, when tasking someone to undertake your website translation be sure to establish credentials. Ask to look at previous work, ask for a sample or ask for a reference. A translator must have qualifications, training and experience.

Secondly, ensure you explain clearly why you need website translation. What is the purpose? Is there a target audience? Ensure you provide clear and accurate information on the company and the website. All this helps the translator properly reflect your needs in the translation work.

Thirdly, do not cut corners by using electronic translations. They may be useful for plain sentences but not for your website content. It is inconceivable that a software programme can translate metaphors, similes, innuendos and colloquial phrases. Website translation is a major investment, so do not approach it lightly. You need human beings to analyse your content and transfer the meaning in the best way possible.

Fourthly, consider the impact culture can have on the website translation project. For example, is the language pitched appropriately at the target culture? Should it be formal or informal? Are there pictures, colours or images that would cause offense? A good website translation company will analyse your site and offer you a cultural applicability consultation. This will then help you make modifications to ensure your website appeals to the target culture.

Fifthly, many website translation companies will translate your website content then consider the job done. However, most websites are constantly changing in style and content. A decent website translation company will offer an after-care service that assists in helping you with the small changes, if not as part of the original fee then for a small charge.

Website translation is not as straightforward as other translation projects. There are too many variables involved that, if not considered properly, can ruin a website translation.

Consider the potential revenue a decent website translation could generate long term and invest wisely.

The Benefits of Using a Language Interpreter

English has rapidly become the major language of international politics, trade and commerce. However, this does not mean it is the world language. It still competes with other major languages such as Spanish, French and Arabic.

In the business world, using interpreters to overcome the language barrier is a necessity. Even if there are common languages between business people, interpreters are still preferred for a number of reasons.

Interpreters offer the following advantages:

• .Interpreters are trained professionals in specific languages, meaning they can ensure communication between sides is as clear as possible.
  
  
• Having an interpreter allows you to speak in your native language, ensuring you express yourself succinctly.
  
  
• Using an interpreter helps minimise possible costly misunderstandings.
  
  
• For tactical reasons in negotiations an interpreter can help you bide time to formulate responses.
  
  
• If properly briefed, an astute interpreter can help you with presentations and negotiations by working with you to achieve goals.
  
  
• Interpreters assist in overcoming cross cultural differences and can act as guides in cross cultural matters.

If you are planning to use an interpreter, the following guidelines should be considered prior to any business taking place:

• .Fully brief your interpreter - inform them of who you will be meeting, the issues that will be discussed, any technical language that will be used and any potential uncomfortable situations that may arise.
  
  
• Discuss your aims and objectives for any meeting or negotiations with the interpreter and your strategy.
  
  
• If you are using an interpreter for a meeting then provide them with an agenda and talk them through it.
  
  
• If you are giving a speech, provide a copy of the speech and ensure they understand any complicated language.
  
  
• Speak slowly and clearly as this gives the interpreter time to digest your words.
  
  
• Take breaks in your speech regularly, for example at the end of each sentence or statement.
  
  
• Avoid long and complex sentences.
  
  
• If you plan on making a joke, check it is culturally transferable with the interpreter.
  
  
• Avoid slang, metaphors and colloquial expressions.
  
  
• Try to let the interpreter finish before commencing the next point.
  

• Maintain eye contact with the audience or group and not the interpreter. However, periodically check your interpreter is keeping up and is comfortable.

Interpreters should not be viewed solely as language assistants. In addition to helping you overcome the language barrier they can also assist in many other areas such as organisation, formulating strategies and advising on cross cultural differences. It is critical to see interpreters as not working for you but with you.

How do I get Started in Freelance Translation?

Many people with knowledge of languages ask how they can get started in freelance translation. These steps can help guide you through the process of becoming a freelance translator.

First things first - Why translation?

Before becoming a translator it is a good idea to consider the pros and cons of the job. On the plus side freelance translation can be varied, interesting, challenging and allows you to be your own boss. On the down side you work on your own, you rely on agencies for your income, it can be difficult to get recognised and you have to be responsible for your own taxes and accounts.

If you are truly motivated to become a freelance translator then you need to get prepared. The following are things you must have in order to start your career as a freelance translator:

1. You need to have a good level of education. Most agencies would at least require a degree. However, this is not always compulsory. A degree shows a certain level of linguistic and writing skills in your native language which is what every decent translator needs. A degree in your language combination is also a great help.
   
   
2. A professional translation qualification is important. In the UK potential translators should contact the ITI or IOL for information on how to become accredited.
   
   
3. You must have excellent skills in your foreign language. Knowing a language is not enough. You must also have an appreciation of modern usage, its variations, slang, cultural influences, etc.
   
   
4. Having a specialised knowledge of a field such as business, engineering or science is useful as this carves out a niche for you.
   
   
5. Good keyboard and computing skills are crucial. Typing is an integral part of the job.
   
   
6. Some investment will be needed in things such as dictionaries, word-processing software, internet access, a fax line and if necessary some translation software.
   

Next steps - Getting translation work

There are basically two ways of getting translation work. The first and most common is from translation agencies; the second and more difficult is directly from clients. The second option only ever really becomes a reality once you have an established reputation in the translation field. Assuming you are going to apply to translation agencies, get prepared by following these steps:

1. Get a good CV together. This should outline your translation qualifications and experience as well as background information such as recent employment and of course at least two references. If you know someone who works in the translation industry, ask them to cast an eye over it for you. Always remember to add your contact details.
   
   
2. Prepare a covering letter. This should outline your language combination, your rate, your areas of specialization and the number of words you can get through a day.
   
   
3. Go to the internet and search for translation agencies in your locale and the country generally. Examine their website as some have specific recruitment guidelines. If they don't, then send a short email asking to be added to their database. Follow up on your application a week later.
   
   
4. Once you are added to a database, be sure not to say no to jobs from agencies. The chances of them coming to you again will be damaged.

Funny signs from around the world...

We have all seen them before; that hilariously poor translation on a sign in a foreign country. Now we have collected some gems from the “lost in translation” genre of world signs for your pleasure!

1. Those poor animals….

2. They must really want you to remove your clothes!

3. Who said eating foreign food isn’t exciting?

4. These guys sound cruel. Why prevent us eating our favourite dish?

5. Sounds exciting…

6. Well how would we know if it’s invisible?

7. Good advice…

8. What pets though?

9. Enough said…

10. Those pesky penguins…

Don't Get Lost in Translation

A phrase we hear a lot nowadays is "lost in translation". The film with the same title has now amplified the use of the phrase to cliched levels; yet there does not seem to be an alternative that quite captures what happens when people communicate across the language barrier and it all goes horribly wrong.

Communicating with people from foreign countries is no longer something just politicians and businessmen do. All of us now come across people from different countries at work, in our own towns and cities and when we go abroad for holiday or work. You are now just as likely to need a few words of Polish to impress a potential future date you meet in the pub as you are when visiting Warsaw on a spot of business. Getting it right in both instances is critical if you want to make an impression.

In fact overcoming the language barrier is rapidly becoming one of the most critical issues of our time. People, businesses and governments are all trying to find solutions to their needs in order to live, work, travel or operate abroad. Language training continues to be an industry worth billions of pounds as people across the globe learn a foreign language for life, work, travel or love. International organisations such as the UN and EU have huge wage bills to cover the costs of interpreters and translators. Businesses wishing to tap foreign markets spend millions each year translating their documents and marketing materials. Even militaries are now investing large sums of money in creating translation gadgets for troops in foreign countries. And as long as people from different countries continue to speak different languages, this need will not lessen.

Anyone learning a language will tell you it is a complex thing; so complex in fact that most people give up learning. It is this complexity that has given birth to lots of hilarious examples of how communicating across the language barrier can go horribly wrong. There are now websites and even books dedicated to preserving some of the classic examples of "translations gone wrong". These gaffes can broadly be put into two categories; the written and the spoken.

Spoken Translation Gaffes

Gaffes made in speech are perhaps the more forgivable of blunders. Let's face it, sometimes it even hard to speak in English! When speaking a foreign language you will never know it like a local - so how are you supposed to know the slang and all the cultural baggage that comes with any language?

The following are just some of the loads of examples of people putting their foot in it in a foreign country:

* A British boy studying the language in Germany was riding the school bus home. As it was summer the bus became really hot. In a typically British way of asking for the window to be opened he implied it rather that clearly stated it so asked the boy next to him, 'Bist du heiss?' (Are you hot?). The boy turned and looked with a startled expression. All the other passengers started to giggle. In the end someone explained he had asked his fellow passenger if he 'felt hot' - i.e. was feeling passionate.

* An expat Brit had just moved to Japan and was at a welcome party held in their honour with their new Japanese colleagues. Having just come from Italy, when everyone raised their glasses for a toast he exclaimed "cin cin!" which means "cheers" in Italian. Unbeknown to the poor expat was that "cin cin" meant 'small penis' in Japanese.

Even politicians are not free from the odd language gaffe:

* President George W. Bush mispronounced the name of the Spanish Prime Minister, Jose Maria Aznar, calling him "Ansar" which is the Spanish for "goose". On another occasion he went one better than calling Greeks "Grecians" by calling Pakistanis, "Pakis" in front of Pakistan's President Musharraf.

Written Translation Gaffes

Written translations come in many varieties and offer us the funnier examples of translations gone belly up. To simplify matters we'll look at three categories of simple linguistic negligence.

Brand/Product Names:

* Companies often borrow words from another language to label a new product in their own country. Recently in Germany makers of knapsacks have started to refer to them as "Body Bags" - I can't see many people wanting to be seen in one of those!

* IKEA once tried to sell a workbench called FARTFULL - not a hugely popular product for obvious reasons.

* Both Clairol and the Irish alcoholic drink Irish Mist did not properly consider the German language when they launched their products there. Clairol's hair-curling iron "Mist Stick" and the drink "Irish Mist" both flopped - why? 'Mist' translates in German as "manure". Fancy a glass of Irish manure?

* The Japanese seem to have a particular flair in naming products. The country has given us gems such as "homo soap" (a soap bar with a very niche target market), "coolpis" (a seemingly unappetizing fruit juice), "Germ bread" (fancy spreading your butter on that?) and "Shito Mix" (which even claims to be a "new improved shito").

Signs/Information:

Foreign hotels seem to make a habit of DIY translations:

* "Is forbidden to steal hotel towels please. If you are not a person to do such a thing is please not to read notis." (in a Tokyo hotel) - but what if I have already read it?

* "Visitors are expected to complain at the office between the hours of 9 and 11 A.M. daily." (in a hotel in Athens) - at least they are organised!

* "You are invited to take advantage of the chambermaid." (in a Japanese hotel) - as if the chambermaids don't have enough on their plates.

* "Please do not bring solicitors into your room" (hotel in Thailand) - instils confidence in any guest.

* "Sweat Dreams" (hotel in Poland) - guess the air-conditioning doesn't work.

Instructions/Statements:

Try and understand these:

"Small animals nibble you the life? They give you the cockroach? XXX is with your services. But which are we?" (from a French pest control website)

"This publication has dedicated the necklace of nature classical hybrid and is extensive in four tongues...to scholastic custom, whose production, that to full rhythm will be of menstrual lilt, satisfies the Italian market, for which we retain, might fully interest you it am because the commodity is economic." (an Italian company's mail shot)

"Smuggle the razor blade (reference value around 400 g) on your muscle vertically, then drag your skin and shave back slowly." (from a packet of razor blades)

"Push up bottom" (Greek stick of deodorant)

Conclusion

Although they give us some comedy value these examples of poor translations and language blunders raise a more serious point: if people and businesses are to be successful on the international stage they must be able to communicate well in foreign languages. Going back to the example of the man in the pub or in Warsaw on business, if he had a few phrases in Polish it would make the world of difference.

When the Guru Smacks You on the Head, Take it Like a Man

by Perry S. Marshall
Originally appeared in Canada's Manufacturing Automation Magazine © 2003 CLB Media

I imagine that most of you Canadians know about Toronto's celebrated professor of percussion, Mr. Neil Peart. For those of you who aren't familiar, he's the legendary drummer for Rush, and is one of the most skilled and respected musicians on the circuit today.

Neil Peart of Rush, sometimes referred to as "The Michael Jordan of Percussion"

Peart says that by the mid ‘90's, he'd pushed his technique just about as far as it could physically be taken. If you've seen him play live, you know it's hard to imagine that anyone could actually be better than he already was. But he felt stagnant and was looking for a breakthrough. So he hired himself a mentor.

When the press already bills you as the greatest rock drummer in the world, where do you find a qualified teacher? Jazz. So off to L.A. he went, to study under a certain Freddie Gruber. Mr. Gruber is an eccentric old bachelor with a house full of drums, music scores and drumming magazines, a musician who is on par with the greatest performing legends of all time – masters like the late Buddy Rich and Gene Krupa.So what advice did Freddie have for our famous Canadian rock star?Two things, for starters:

1. You're holding your sticks all wrong.
2. You're wearing the wrong kind of shoes.

Pretty basic stuff, eh?

David Lee Roth (Van Halen) would've given Freddie the finger and caught the first plane to Miami Beach. But his career, as you'll recall, caved in years ago under the crushing weight of his over-inflated ego. Roth was no professional – he was just an overgrown, overpaid teenager in buttless pants.

But even after 30 years of playing, Peart had enough humility to begin again at square one and re-learn his instrument from the ground up. He achieved the musical breakthrough he was looking for, and he considers the resulting album Test For Echo to be his finest work to date.

Kind of reminds me of the famous speech Vince Lombardi made to his football players at the beginning of every season: “Gentlemen, this is a football.”

The prima donna takes offense. The true professional takes notes. And world-class specialists always seem to approach even the most basic things differently than the rest of us. Here's an example from my own business. I'd like to think that everything I write is a paragon of perfection the instant it tumbles out of my brain, but it disturbs me how often the magazine editors disagree.

Last year I sent one of my monthly columns to the editor here at Manufacturing Automation. She tossed a big chunk of useless verbosity out the window, pulled out the last paragraph, and re-inserted it at the beginning.

All of the sudden that ordinary article was really, really good!I hate it when that happens. Or maybe I should put it this way: The headstrong, ego-centric part of me that doesn't want to listen to anybody hates it when that happens. The sensible, results-oriented part of me, the part that knows it's better to be embarrassed in private than in public, likes it when that happens.

Even Michael Jordan needs a coach.I just had a very interesting situation with a consulting client. He loved my website (“Perry, your website rocks!”) so he hired me to make his own website more effective. His website had the same problem that most other company websites have. Too corporate. Too institutional. Trying to impress people that just ain't going to be impressed unless you actually help them solve their problem. Impersonal. Dry as bone dust. Boring. I made it personal – just like mine. In fact, I put a personal letter from him to the visitor, right on the home page.

He didn't like it at all. “We aren't comfortable with authored content at this company,” he insisted. So he fired me and changed it back to cold, institutional and impersonal.

Maybe this guy was insecure or something. I dunno, I'm not his shrink. But you know what the problem usually is in situations like this? It's real simple: The message that most business people like to project is not the message that any customer would actually give a rip about.

C'mon folks, when Paintball or Britney Spears is only a click away, who wants to stick around and read some pompous corporate puffery? You know, stuff like “If one desires to procure the finest internationally acclaimed value added global manufacturing technology that today's world has to offer, then one must leverage the best of breed ISO9002 certified, robust and scalable e-business solutions from ACME corporation.” Yuck.

Now before you laugh at this, you might want to get rid of that third-person, institutional monotone on your own website that's putting everyone to sleep.

And for goodness sake, take another look at the last few press releases that your company sent out. Most companies' PR reads the same as their boring websites. Remember the “Peter Principle?” It says that people rise to their level of incompetence. They get promoted until they finally land in a position where they're not quite capable of doing their job.

Then they cover their back side (kind of the opposite of David Lee Roth), wreak havoc and make everyone miserable. That doesn't have to happen. But why does it happen? Because they stop learning. They stop pushing themselves and they push everyone else instead. They won't acknowledge that there may be a better way to hold those drumsticks.

They forget the part about the football. The only time their stuff gets edited is when someone else is pretty sure they won't notice. They fired their coach a long time ago, and now they just bluff their way through everything. I hired myself a coach to help me with my writing. This guy's no slouch – he gets paid as much as $100,000 to write a single ad. And I didn't ask him to send me puff reviews.

His comments on the very first thing I sent him: “You're a talented guy, but the way you've put this together is like nothing else I've ever seen…” Then he busts my chops for awhile and tells me to re-write the whole thing. I felt like the Karate Kid painting the fence for Mr. Miyagi.

But when it's time to go into the ring, I'd rather be prepared – and win. How about you? If you don't want to peter out, you're going to have to get yourself a coach. It will probably be a humbling experience, because if he's any good, he's going to slap you on the side of the head.

Not just every once in awhile, but frequently. And speaking of petering out, remember St. Peter? Your Sunday School teacher probably told you Jesus was a nice guy, but Jesus slapped Peter around quite a bit. That was his job. So get on with the slapping and learn to enjoy it.

Vince Berland once said “Boxers somehow learn to like getting hit.” He's right. It's not masochism, it's just the way things are when you're in pursuit of excellence. So when the guru slaps you on the side of the head, take it like a man.

Perry Marshall is a technical marketing consultant who constantly discovers kinder, gentler ways to slap his clients on the side of the head. His website, www.perrymarshall.com, rocks.

How To Save Time And Money On Translations Projects

Global marketing can lead to promoting your services or products in several languages. Here are some tips as to how to save valuable time and money on translation projects.

Having your documents translated in different languages to reach your global target market means spending money. But there are ways to avoid spending too much.

Here are a few tips we’d like to share to make sure that translations projects run smoothly all the while saving time, money and stress on all those invloved.

* Only translate what is necessary – First of all, make sure that the documents have not already been translated in the languages that you need.

* Write clearly and concisely – When writing, don’t oversimplify, but don’t over-elaborate. Keep your target reader in mind.

* Only send final versions – Tracking last-minute changes is time-consuming and costly. It is also prone to errors.

* Always send the source documents when asking for a quote – This allows for an accurate estimate based on the amount of words to be translated. The more information the translator has to quote the project, the less risk there is to end up with a quote considerably higher than initally expected.

* Request a detailed quote and read it thoroughly. Look for hidden costs, check the deadlines and make sure you receive the deliverables you need.

* The price should include translation and editing, one set of corrections, project management costs and the storage of your full project on a secure server.

* Make sure the translators are native speakers living in their native country and that an editor or proofreader checks every translation for accuracy, terminology, style and typos.

* Send relevant documentation - Your corporate brochure, company-specific terminology, previously translated documents, glossaries, links to your website and industry-related resources. It will all help.

* Be specific about what you want – Who is the target? What is the context? In which format would you like the final document? Is it a corporate brochure, a website? What style of writing would you like? The more details you provide, better chances are that the end result will match your expectations.

* Be ready to answer questions – Even if the translators are familiar with your industry, some questions may arise, especially about specific in-house terminology. This is often true for large corporate companies.

* Review and validate the translation - Good translation companies include a set of corrections in their prices allowing for small final modifications before publication or printing.

* Be realistic about deadlines - Producing a good translation takes time. Don’t rush the translator if it is not necessary. Let’s not forget that rush jobs will be more costly. The rule of thumb is about 2,500 words per day plus an additional day for quality control.

* Think twice before using online machine translation tools, especially for texts that are intended for publication. Currently, these tools mostly produce surrealist gibberish. And if you do decide to use online translation tools, by all means have the result properly edited by a professional before publishing it if you don’t want to end up in the middle of a PR minefield.

* And remember - the most expensive translation is the one with a mistake!

I hope this was helpful to you.

Please do not hesitate to contact me for any additional information on the translation indutry.

Have a great day,

Keep smiling,

Valerie Steinier
VALERIE STEINIER

CEO of language service provider
Westminster, Colorado

When The Going Gets Tough...Small Businesses Fail: 10 Common Mistakes

33 percent of new small businesses fail within the first two years. 56 percent within the first 4 years. Increase the your odds for success by knowing the 10 common problems small business owners face.

Small Business Administration (SBA) statistics show that 1/3 of all new businesses fail after two years, and 56% fail after 4 years. While there are many reasons for a small business to fail, there are 10 mistakes which are common to most of them. This article briefly examines, and proposes solutions to, each of them so you won't be next.

1. Not Enough Cash.

Most businesses fail because they lack enough cash at first and, as a result, take on excessive debt. Before you set off on your adventure, make sure that you have sufficient cash to operate for the next 12 months, using your worst case scenario. Then, pay careful and daily attention to your finances; carefully record cash inflow and outflow. Make sure you are familiar with accounting principles. No need to become a CPA or even take an accounting class. Widely available and very affordable software packages, such as Quicken, make it easy to be your own bookkeeper. Of course, if you can afford it, the services of an accountant who has extensive small business expertise is the still best solution.

2. Spending Too Much, Too Early.

Cash on hand is King! This needs to be the Golden Rule for start-ups and small businesses. Many entrepreneurs and small business owners have a fundamental misconception of how business operates. As a result, many spend their seed money, or start-up capital, before revenues start rolling in. Best is to seek the advice of veterans who can act as your conscience, without the emotional involvement, before making a big financial commitment. Seek out people within and outside your network who have been there. SCORE and SBA are probably the best, and free, available resources. Of course, if you are using an expert you can expect to pay a fee.

3. No Rainy Day Cash.

When the going gets tough...small businesses fail! In part, that's because most start-ups and small businesses fail to set aside cash reserves which can be tapped when the market sours; there are unexpected (and impossible to anticipate...do your homework) cost increases; raw material price increases, if you are a producer, etc. Make sure you set aside enough cash (again, cash is King!) to stay in business when sales slow down due to market and/or seasonal trends.

4. Growing Too Big, Too Fast.

Ah, the sweet taste of success! Let's get more!!! Too many owners grow too quickly without really determining whether they should, or even whether they can afford it. They want to add a location and/or add employees, or buy more equipment (often the latest gadget with all the bells and whistles, not necessarily simply what is functional). Business owners get into trouble when they fail to perform a financial and market analysis. To avoid this fate, start with realistic goals (often your worst case scenario) and allow yourself to grow as needs, analysis and financial ability, not gut instinct, dictate. Let your present level of revenue, not the most optimistic financial projections dictate when and whom you hire; when and where to expand; and when to purchase or lease new equipment.

5. Location, Location, Location.

Too many retail owners are not savvy negotiators and sign what they think are "cheap" leases. Consider all factors before signing on the dotted line. For example: how many businesses like yours are located close by? Can cars easily move in and outof your parking lot? Are there enough parking spaces? Are you visible from the street? Is there sufficient foot traffic? And many, many more. Make sure you speak to an attorney who is experienced in reviewing/negotiating leases for small businesses, as "hidden" clauses can, and will, hurt you.

6. Inexistent Internal Controls or Poor Execution of Existing Controls.

Number 1 on my list is poor financial controls. However, too many times I have experienced start-ups and small businesses with lack any type of work process necessary to ensure that things are done consistently. Furthermore, small business owners and entrepreneurs generally lack the experience and skills to hire the right people, monitor their performances and deal with them when they don't work out. Training is another area which is generally and largely neglected. Finally, customer service is inconsistent or non-existent. As a result, generally business owners end up working for the company, rather than the company working for them. This makes it very difficult to succeed. So make sure to establish protocols for how each task is to be accomplished, train yourself and your employees to follow them, and make sure they are revised and updated frequentlyu (see #10).

7. Poor or No Business Plan.

If you fail to plan, you're planning to fail! A well drafted business plan is your road map to success. If nothing else, having to write a business plan forces you to think about the what, when, where, how and why (yes, why) of your business. More importantly, it forces you to think about, and consider, your financial needs and resources. There are a number of well-written books and software packages that can help you write a business plan. There are also a number of companies and individuals, myself included, who can help you. However, in the end, it would be best if you did it yourself. If you do end outsourcing it, make sure you do the homework (i.e., market research, financial projections) or at least be deeply involved in the research. At the very least, make sure you understand what someone else has done for you. Don't be afraid to ask questions and challenge assumptions (remember what happens when we assume!).

8. Ineffective Marketing and Self-Promotion.

People can't buy what you have to offer if they don't know it is available! Sounds logical? Yet, many small businesses fail to develop an effective marketing strategy, or set aside enough money to implement it. While you can, and should, still use "old-time" media such as direct mail, ads in local newspapers, radio and TV (much cheaper than you might think if done locally), you should not forget electronic media such as websites, blogs, etc. Of course, each of these medium has its proper place and which one(s) you use, when and how, should be carefully examined before committing. A good source of information for those selling products is a book titled "The 4-hour Workweek" by Tim Ferriss (I get no residuals or fees to plug the book). which has a trove of ideas on how to test your marketing campaign inexpensively. The number of advertising and promotional ideas is limitless, or rather limited by your own creativity and that of those around you. Speak to as many successful small business owners as you can and ask what methods they used and then ... think! Don't do it just because they did. Think whether you can afford it, and whether their ideas have a high probability of increasing your revenues.

9. What Competition?

Loyalty is earned not bought. An existing customer who is willing to purchase your product or service again is your best customer. Don't lose him/her. Make sure that your customer has a reason, or better yet multiple reasons, to continue doing business with you instead of your competition. The best way to do is to establish a relationship with your customer. People buy from people they like and trust. Again, there are many excellent books on how to best do this. Better yet, go to your competition and see what they do, how they act, etc. You may learn what to do, and most likely will learn what not to do. Then go to your favorite store and think about what makes it special. Why you go there and not next door.

10. Failure to Accept, Nay Encourage, Change.

My personal favorite. "Nothing changes if nothing changes", my grandmother used to say. "Everything always changes", my grandfather used to say. They were both right. And, if evolution has taught us anything, it is that those who don't adapt ... die. Stay alert. Recognize opportunities and remain flexible to adapt to changing times. Better yet, drive the changes. This holds especially true for your work processes. Constantly ask yourself and your employees, if you have any, what is working and what is not. Always question how things are done and wonder how they could be improved,made cheaper, faster, more durable, more exciting, etc.

11. Bonus...Being Penny Wise and Pound Foolish.

How many people do you know who refuse to spend money to make money? They rather spend $10 to make $1,000, then spend $1,000 to make $10,000. Same rate of return, but very different results. Too often small business owners refuse to seek and pay for the professional help they need because they fool themselves into believing they either know how to do it, or will figure it out. Know where you lack experience and/or expertise and consider hiring someone who does.

Best luck to all!

Jean-Pierre Ruiz
Corporate troubleshooter and special agent to the Business Owner/CEO Bellevue, Washington

Need a Brochure or Manual in Another Language? Here’s How to Hire a Professional Language Firm

What would you do if tomorrow you decided that you needed a brochure, website, package, or other materials for employees, customers, or prospects whose first language was something other than English—who have what the language industry refers to as LEP (limited English proficiency)? Or what if your customers said they needed several standardized documents from you but wanted them in Spanish and Chinese?

The answer is to use many of the same processes used when hiring a consultant or contracting for any service. Write a detailed request for proposal (RFP), look for professional firms with good reputations and references, negotiate the best possible rates, and sign a contract that calls for a specific product by a specific date within a narrow price range.

Developing an RFP

This first step is the most critical. One mistake made by most buyers of translation (the written word) or interpretation (the spoken word) services, is underestimating the level of detail needed when hiring a language company, which will reduce the margin of errors or embarrassing cultural mistakes. You can avoid such problems by hiring a firm who specializes in translation for your industry or service area, and by outlining exactly what you need done. (Because most companies most often need translation help more than interpretation, I focus on this type of work in the article.)

There are several factors that can make a translation project more complex than might appear to be the case. Here are some of the ways clients often underestimate the complexity of their projects:

• You fail to mention that there are graphics with callouts, flow charts and tables, all of which can significantly increase the time required to produce a translated document.
  
  
• Did you ask if the translation is for the US or overseas market.
  
  
• Do you require just a translation of the text in MS Word, or typesetting to produce output for the printer.
  
  
• You forget that you need help proofreading the formatted brochure to ensure that accented characters, hyphenation and line breaks are all correct.
  
  
• You later decide you need the project in more than one language.
  

To ensure an accurate RFP, be as accurate and complete as possible:

• Include samples, preferably a PDF if available, of the types of materials you want translated.
  
  
• Indicate the programs and versions the source documents were created in and whether it is for a PC or MAC.
  
  
• Indicate the programs and versions the target documents should be provided back to you.
  
  
• Clearly describe the number of words and pages, the subject matter, and condition or legibility of the source materials.
  
  
• Indicate whether the source documents are plain text and if they include graphics, mathematical formulas or scientific characters.
  

Choosing a language company

As with buying any services, a good first step is to ask for recommendations from ASAE members through one of the listservs, or to look for language firms that are ASAE members. Also, ask friends and colleagues that have purchased translation services and were satisfied with the results (those in the legal and medical fields hire language firms quite often). But it’s even more important to find firms that have industry specific experience and in the languages you require —and have translated similar types of documents.

Once you identify several prospects, compare more than their prices. First, ask them to explain how they ensure delivery of an accurate translation. What are the minimum requirements of their translators and interpreters regarding their education, credentials and experience? What quality control steps will they take to ensure the end product is accurate?

Second, ask for details about how they handle administrative issues. For example, do they use standardized contracts with their customers? How do they handle estimates? How are requests for reviews and complaints handled?

One question that always offers misleading information is this: How many employees do you have? Most language firms employ independent translators, not employees, who may live across town, across the country, or on another continent. This hiring practice helps ensure you get the people with the background and quality you need, when you need them, and at the best possible price.

How language companies charge for their work

Aside from references and quality control processes, price obviously matters. Comparisons can sometimes be easier than expected, especially for simple documents. That’s because most firms charge by the word for translation and editing and by the page for typesetting.. Most companies will also quote you a total project price (based on an approved estimate), especially for complex ones such as bilingual forms or any type of legal document that uses industry-specific terminology. If there are differences from one vendor proposal to another, it is likely that there were some variables one vendor addressed in their proposal and the other vendor left out because they were not specifically outlined in the RFQ.

Whatever the language, you will need more

With the exception of the character (Asian) and some Germanic languages, many translations will almost always need more—more pages for a book or brochure or more space on a website. That’s because translation from English to Romance languages have a textual expansion rate of up to 30% over the source materials.)

A translation project, if it’s your first, will most likely just take more time than you expected. Why does it take so long? Because translation projects typically involve the work of more than one translator. Every translation is edited by a second person. They may also involve typesetters and proofreaders, graphic designers, website managers and database programmers (if, for example, you’re translating a directory of association members’ names that’s posted on a website). Such work takes time to coordinate with multiple quality checks among the project team members under the supervision of the Project Manager.

So for a quality product, give yourself the time needed to prepare a complete RFP and give your professional language company the time it needs to produce an accurate, professional translation.

by Robert E. McLean, CAE
http://www.alcus.org/

Discussion Topic: Tell Us About Your “Nightmare Client”

Every translator, interpreter, freelancer and language service professional has had at least one “nightmare client.”

One of our translator once told us: “I can handle a client who is ignorant. I can handle a client who is arrogant. But not a client who is both.”

If a client is ignorant but not arrogant, you can do great work for him, because he will let you, for the most part, run the show — and look to you for advice and guidance.

If a client is arrogant but not ignorant, he may be demanding, but you can learn from him — and take your translation work to the next level.

A nightmare client, to me, is one who is both ignorant … he doesn’t know anything about your translation service or skill … and arrogant: even though he doesn’t know anything, he proceeds to dictate to you how to do your translation work.

Have you ever had a “nightmare client”? What were they like? What did you do about it? Did you keep working for them? Or did you “fire” that client? If so, PLEASE tell us how you did that!?

Best Practice in Debt Collection

How do the best companies manage their debt collection? Many companies believe that their debt collection performance is entirely a factor of their clients' willingness to pay. This article seeks to dispel this myth and advises readers how to put themselves firmly in control, giving examples of what has worked well for organisations across a range of industries.

Define your objectives

In determining your collection strategy, it is vital to support the corporate objectives of your company. For example, if you are the market leader in your industry or are producing a unique product, you will be more readily able to dictate payment terms as, put simply, if clients do not pay they do not get the goods!

However, competition is the norm and flexible payment terms are sometimes used as a differentiator to win and retain business. In such situations assertive collection techniques can cause problems and you can only take control by removing the reasons for non-payment.

Billing

The billing requirements of your clients should be taken seriously. So many organisations fail to take account of what their clients want, and do so at their cost. The best performing companies implement the following simple strategy:

* Listen to what clients want;

* Be honest with the client about capability to deliver client requirements;

* Agree billing mechanism.

Ask how you can make it easy for your clients to pay - before the bill is disputed. The best time to ask is at the point of setting up the account, so you can build in quality processes from the outset of the relationship.

Billing quickly

Billing quickly and accurately will go some way towards taking control of collections. Best practice suggests that invoices should be raised and despatched within 24 hours of delivery. There are two traditional methods of billing: proof of despatch and proof of delivery.

Proof of despatch is where the supplier produces a delivery note and/or invoice based on what he believes has been despatched to the client. One pharmaceutical distributor with which we have worked sends a single document which serves as an invoice and proof of delivery when despatching goods to the client. They have a requirement that damages or shortages are advised within 72 hours, so in theory the client cannot make a claim beyond these three days. This supplier has put himself very much in control of the process.

* Proof of delivery is where the supplier despatches goods but does not produce an invoice until the goods have been delivered and a proof of delivery returned. Managing the time between the goods being delivered and the invoice being despatched to the client is the key challenge, with control more readily achieved if distribution is managed in-house. Difficulties can arise where third parties are used for distribution as timing delays between delivery of the goods and return of proofs of delivery can be significant. One large food manufacturer overcame this by using a service level agreement with their distributor, which included penalties for late submission of documentation.

A third, more efficient means of billing which can greatly reduce the cycle time between delivery and invoice despatch is electronic data interchange (EDI) (see fig. 1). EDI allows the supplier and client to communicate prior to delivery, checking prices electronically and registering order details. The client can flag up pricing -and order discrepancies before delivery to prevent mistakes being made. Following receipt of the order, the client will electronically notify the supplier of the goods received and the supplier will produce an invoice based on these details. The supplier may then transmit a remittance advice to the client and receive payment, all electronically. EDI does however entail a significant investment in infrastructure, and it works most effectively where the buyer and seller have established a strong partnership.

Another alternative, perhaps more visionary, is electronic bill presentment and payment (EBPP). This replaces paper trails (e.g. traditional invoices, cheques or remittance advice) and manual processes with highly automated business functionality using web technologies. EBPP allows for the delivery of richly formatted invoices linked to related documents, such as statements, payment advice or bank statements.

Clients using EBPP can view bills and make payments at their convenience. The web offers more information and enhanced client service features than a printed invoice or statement. Each item on electronic statements can be linked to further information. For example, a client can easily compare the current month's bill to the same month a year ago. With web enablement of existing back-end systems and security-- enhanced access policies, this technology can give your clients controlled access to the data they require. All this can be achieved for a fraction of the cost inherent in the establishment of EDI infrastructure. The burden of accessing data will be placed on the client, and to be successful will require a high level of buy-in to this approach from them. Client relationships will need to be clearly defined to ensure that they are aware of their obligations to access data and to make payments in line with agreed terms.

Thailand - Thai Language, Culture, Customs and Etiquette

Facts and Statistics

Location: Southeastern Asia, bordering the Andaman Sea and the Gulf of Thailand, southeast of Burma

Capital: Bangkok

Climate: tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to September); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid

Population: 64,865,523

Ethnic Make-up: Thai 75%, Chinese 14%, other 11%

Religions: Buddhism 95%, Muslim 3.8%, Christianity 0.5%, Hinduism 0.1%, other 0.6% (1991)

Government: constitutional monarchy

Languages in Thailand

The Thai language is comprised of 44 consonants, 32 vowels and five tones in Thai pronunciation, along with a script that has Indian origins. The Thai language, belonging to the Tai family, is the main language in Thailand although there are several regional dialects as well. Other languages spoken in Thailand are Chinese, Lao, Malay and Mon-Khmer, while English use is becoming more prevalent in government and commerce. English is also being taught as a second language in secondary school and universities, which enables the English speaking visitor in Thailand to have little trouble conversing.

Thai Society & Culture

The Wai

. The wai is the common form of greeting and adheres to strict rules of protocol.
. Raising both hands, palms joined with the fingers pointing upwards as if in prayer, lightly touching the body somewhere between the chest and the forehead, is the standard form.
. The wai is both a sign of respect as well as a greeting. Respect and courtesy are demonstrated by the height at which the hands are held and how low the head comes down to meet the thumbs of both hands.
. The wai may be made while sitting, walking, or standing.
. The person who is junior in age or status is the first one to offer the wai.
. The senior person returns the wai, generally with their hands raised to somewhere around their chest.
. If a junior person is standing and wants to wai a senior person who is seated, the junior person will stoop or bow their head while making the wai.
. If there is a great social distance between two people, the wai will not be returned.

Buddhism in Thailand

. Thailand is a stronghold of Buddhism.
. Buddhists believe that life does not begin with birth and end with death, but rather that every person has several lives based upon the lessons of life not yet learned and acts committed (karma) in previous lives.
. Buddhists believe that selfishness and craving result in suffering and that compassion and love bring happiness and well-being.
. The true path to peace is to eliminate all desire, a condition which Buddhists define as 'nirvana', an indescribable state free of desire, suffering, or further rebirth, in which a person simply is, and is completely at one with his surroundings.
. Buddhism is practised in Thailand by over 90% of the population.

Hierarchical Society

. Thais respect hierarchical relationships.
. Social relationships are defined as one person being superior to the other.
. Parents are superior to their children, teachers to their students, and bosses to their subordinates.
. When Thais meet a stranger, they will immediately try to place you within a hierarchy so they know how you should be treated.
. This is often done by asking what might be seen as very personal questions in other cultures.
. Status can be determined by clothing and general appearance, age, job, education, family name, and social connections.

Thai Family Values

. The family is the cornerstone of Thai society.
. Family life is often more closely knit than in western cultures.
. The Thai family is a form of hierarchy with the parents at the top.
. Children are taught to honour their parents.

Thai Demeanour

. Thais place great emphasis and value on outward forms of courtesy such as politeness, respect, genial demeanour and self-control in order to maintain harmonious relations.
. Many of their rules of etiquette are by-products of the Buddhist religion.
. It is a non-confrontational society, in which public dispute or criticism is to be avoided at all costs.
. To be openly angry with someone might attract the wrath of the spirits, which in turn could cause violence and tragedy.
. Openly criticizing a person is a form of violence as it hurts the person and is viewed as a conscious attempt to offend the person being rebuked
. Loss of face is a disgrace to a Thai so they try to avoid confrontations and look for compromises in difficult situations.
. If two parties disagree, one will need to have an outlet to retreat without losing face.

Etiquette & Customs in Thailand

Meeting Etiquette

. The wai (as mentioned above) is the traditional form of greeting, given by the person of lower status to the person of higher status.
. Thais generally use first rather than surnames, with the honorific title Khun before the name. Khun is an all- purpose form of address that is appropriate for both men and women
. In general, wait for your host and hostess to introduce you to the other guests. This allows everyone to understand your status relative to their own, and thus know who performs the wai and how low the head should be bowed.

Gift Giving Etiquette

. If invited to a Thai's home, a gift is not expected, although it will be appreciated.
. Gifts should be wrapped attractively, since appearance matters. Bows and ribbons add to the sense of festivity.
. Appropriate gifts are flowers, good quality chocolates or fruit.
. Do not give marigolds or carnations, as they are associated with funerals.
. Try to avoid wrapping a gift in green, black or blue as these are used at funerals and in mourning.
. Gold and yellow are considered royal colours, so they make good wrapping paper.
. Only use red wrapping paper if giving a gift to a Chinese Thai.
. Gifts are not opened when received.
. Money is the usual gift for weddings and ordination parties.

Dining Etiquette

If you are invited to a Thai's house:
. Arrive close to the appointed time, although being a few minutes late will not cause offence.
. Check to see if the host is wearing shoes. If not, remove yours before entering the house.
. Ask another guest to confirm the dress code.
. Step over the threshold rather than on it. This is an old custom that may be dying out with younger Thais, but erring on the side of conservatism is always a good idea.

Table manners

. A fork and spoon are the usual eating utensils. However, noodles are often eaten with chopsticks.
. The spoon is held in the right hand and the fork in the left. The fork is used to guide food on to the spoon. Sticky rice, a northern Thai delicacy, is often eaten with the fingers of the right hand.
. Most meals are served as buffets or with serving platters in the centre of the table family- style.
. You may begin eating as soon as you are served.
. Leave a little food on your plate after you have eaten to show that you are full. Finishing everything indicates that you are still hungry.
. Never leave rice on your plate as it is considered wasteful. The words for food and rice are the same. Rice has an almost mystical significance in addition to its humdrum 'daily bread' function.
. Never take the last bite from the serving bowl.
. Wait to be asked before taking a second helping.
. Do not lick your fingers.

Business Etiquette and Protocol

Relationships & Communication

. Thais prefer doing business with people they respect.
. Relationships develop slowly and do not flourish after one meeting; it may take several meetings.
. Always be respectful and courteous when dealing with others as this leads to the harmonious relationships necessary within business.
. Thai communication is formal and non-verbal communication is often more important than verbal communication.
. Rank is always respected. The eldest person in the group is revered.
. It is difficult for most Thais to say no, so you must be cognizant of their non- verbal communication.
. Watch your body language and facial expressions, as these will be believed over your words.

Business Meeting Etiquette

. Appointments are necessary and should be made one month in advance.
. It is good idea to send a list of who will be attending the meeting and their credentials so that Thais know the relative status of the people attending the meeting and can plan properly.
. You should arrive at meetings on time as it signifies respect for the person you are meeting.
. Although most Thais will try to be on time, punctuality is a personal trait.
. Always send an agenda and material about your company as well as data to substantiate your position prior to the meeting. Allow sufficient time for the material to be reviewed and digested.
. Remain standing until told where to sit. The hierarchical culture has strict rules about rank and position in the group.
. Written material should be available in both English and Thai.
. You must be patient.

Dress Etiquette

. Business attire is conservative.
. Men should wear dark coloured conservative business suits.
. Women should wear conservative business suits or dresses. Women need not wear hosiery.
. Since Thai's judge you on your clothing and accessories, ensure that your shoes are always highly polished.

Business Cards

. Business cards are given out after the initial handshake and greeting. In theory, you should give your card to the most senior person first. . It is advisable to have one side of your business card translated into Thai.
. Using your right hand, deliver your business card so the Thai side faces the recipient.
. Look at a business card for a few seconds before placing it on the table or in a business card case. As in most Asian countries, it is polite to make some comment about the card, even if it is only to acknowledge the address.

Choosing A Translation Service Provider

In a market full of translators, translation agencies and translation directories one is forgiven for feeling confused as to where to go and who to use. Finding a good translation service or translator is a key business decision that should not be taken lightly.

The need for reputable translation agencies and translators to take out professional indemnity insurance is in itself an indication that things can and do go wrong, sometimes with heavy financial consequences.

Financial losses may occur through using a poor translation service or translator in a number of ways. For example, a badly translated business document, such as a contract or proposal, can have a devastating effect if a business decision has been based on faulty information. A brochure or advertising campaign that has not taken into consideration local cultures can lead to a huge dent in an advertising budget with only negative PR as the result. The possibilities for something to go wrong are endless.

A good translation service or translator will be able to provide you with a solid background in translation, a good network of translators to provide proof-reading in addition to the straight forward translation and an understanding of the cultural impact of language and translation.

'Cultural Applicability' or 'Linguistic Screening' is a process whereby the translation service will examine your text, brochure or advertisement and ensure that none of the words, images, photos or even brand name translate badly into the target audience.

The following translations are all examples of what happens when a good translation service is not used..

* Clairol did not test market in Germany the name of its "Mist-Stick"-- a mist-producing hair curling iron. Mist translates in German as "excrement" and a "manure-stick" did not draw much interest.

* A new facial cream with the name "Joni" was proposed to be marketed in India. They changed the name since the word translated in Hindi meant "female genitals."

* In Italy, a campaign for Schweppes Tonic Water translated the name into "Schweppes Toilet Water."

* Scandinavian Vacuum manufacturer Electrolux translated the following in an American ad campaign: "Nothing sucks like an Electrolux."

* Colgate introduced a toothpaste in France called 'Cue', the name of a notorious porno magazine.

* Coors had its slogan, "Turn it loose," translated into Spanish, where it became "Suffer from diarrhoea."

..or when you take the D.I.Y. approach to translation:

* In a Belgrade hotel elevator: To move the cabin, push the button for wishing floor. If the cabin should enter more persons, each one should press a number of wishing floor. Driving is then going alphabetically by national order.

* In a Yugoslavian hotel: The flattening of underwear with pleasure is the job of the chambermaid.

* In an Austrian hotel catering to skiers: Not to perambulate the corridors in the hours of repose in the boots of ascension.

* In an East African newspaper: A new swimming pool is rapidly taking shape since the contractors have thrown in the bulk of their workers.

* In a Copenhagen airline ticket office: We take your bags and send them in all directions.

* At a Budapest zoo: Please do not feed the animals. If you have any suitable food, give it to the guard on duty.

Although comical, the above examples perfectly demonstrate how easy it is for your translation to cause you problems. It is crucial one understands fully what their needs and requirements are when it comes to translating a piece of work.

Ask yourself the following before commissioning any translation service with a piece of work:

1) What is the nature of the document or text? Why does it need to be translated? Who will use it or read it?

2) Does it really need translating? Can it be summarised for gist instead?

3) Can diagrams, pictures or maps be used to replace text which may be too descriptive or complex?

4) Will it be used abroad or by people from differing cultures? Even if a piece of work is going to be used by American, Australian and British personnel ensure that a Cultural Applicability test is performed.

These basic measures can help avoid translation blunders and ensure your translation service provider understands fully the nature of the piece of work.

Popular Tattoo Translations

Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, Swahili, Hindi and Arabic are popular target languages for tattoos.

Why are translations into these languages such a popular tattoo choice?

Tattoos, like clothes, cars, music and celebrities, are subject to trends and culture. We have had fads for particular tattoos at particular times in our history. It doesn’t take a tattoo expert to tell us that the trend in the forties of having naked women tattooed onto men’s arms is now seriously out of fashion. And, although it is more of a cultural behaviour as opposed to one of trend, the prison tattoos (which advertise to those who see the tattoos that the wearer has been in prison, killed someone, is a member of a gang etc.) are becoming far more naff than they ever were in the past.

Instead people seem to be taking their time with tattoos. Home made tattoos are far less common now and, as such, individuals primarily visit professional body artists.

Translation of tattoos is certainly very popular. In particular, the translation of individual’s names seems to be extremely popular. The result, when translated into Chinese, Japanese, Hebrew, Swahili, Hindi and Arabic can look extremely stylish.

The trend for the translation of tattoos appeared to take off in the 1990’s. Individuals primarily opted for a translated tattoo as the art involved in reproducing the fonts is generally extremely elegant and the translations, once tattooed onto the body can look both artistic and attractive. Second to this, is also the fact that the translations chosen are less likely to ‘go out of fashion’ The translation of a name, once tattooed onto a body is time insensitive.

Issues are only likely to arise if an individual has the name of their current partner translated and tattooed onto their body ….. One there was a man who approached a translation company for a tattoo translation. He had the names of all of his wives tattooed onto his arm. He was now on his third wife and had had to have the tattoos of his ex wives changed into a different tattoo. The result looked messy and lacking in style. In this particular case, the tattoos were not translations, but at least with such a tattoo it is less likely that the new partner would know what it referred to!!!

Different Types of Translations

Due to the continuing evolvement of the translation industry there are now certain terms used to define specialist translations that do not fall under a general category. This brief guide offers an explanation of some of the more common translation terms used.

Administrative translation

The translation of administrative texts. Although administrative has a very broad meaning, in terms of translation it refers to common texts used within businesses and organisations that are used in day to day management. It can also be stretched to cover texts with similar functions in government.

Commercial translation

Commercial translation or business translation covers any sort of document used in the business world such as correspondence, company accounts, tender documents, reports, etc. Commercial translations require specialiast translators with knowledge of terminology used in the business world.

Computer translation

Not to be confused with CAT, computer assisted translations, which refer to translations carried out by software. Computer translation is the translation of anything to do with computers such as software, manuals, help files, etc.

Economic translation

Similar to commercial or business translation, economic translation is simply a more specific term used for the translation of documents relating to the field of economics. Such texts are usually a lot more academic in nature.

Financial translation

Financial translation is the translation of texts of a financial nature. Anything from banking to asset management to stocks and bonds could be covered.

General translation

A general translation is the simplest of translations. A general text means that the language used is not high level and to a certain extent could be in layman's terms. There is no specific or technical terminology used. Most translations carried out fall under this category.

Legal translation

Legal translations are one of the trickiest translations known. At its simplest level it means the translation of legal documents such as statutes, contracts and treaties.

A legal translation will always need specialist attention. This is because law is culture-dependent and requires a translator with an excellent understanding of both the source and target cultures.

Most translation agencies would only ever use professional legal to undertake such work. This is because there is no real margin for error; the mistranslation of a passage in a contract could, for example, have disastrous consequences.

When translating a text within the field of law, the translator should keep the following in mind. The legal system of the source text is structured in a way that suits that culture and this is reflected in the legal language; similarly, the target text is to be read by someone who is familiar with another legal system and its language.

Literary translation

A literary translation is the translation of literature such as novels, poems, plays and poems.

The translation of literary works is considered by many one of the highest forms of translation as it involves so much more than simply translating text. A literary translator must be capable of also translating feelings, cultural nuances, humour and other subtle elements of a piece of work.

Some go as far as to say that literary translations are not really possible. In 1959 the Russian-born linguist Roman Jakobson went as far as to declare that "poetry by definition [was] untranslatable". In 1974 the American poet James Merrill wrote a poem, "Lost in Translation," which in part explores this subject.

Medical translation

A medical translation will cover anything from the medical field from the packaging of medicine to manuals for medical equipments to medical books.

Like legal translation, medical translation is specialisation where a mistranslation can have grave consequences.

Technical translation

A technical translation has a broad meaning. It usually refers to certain fields such as IT or manufacturing and deals with texts such as manuals and instructions. Technical translations are usually more expensive than general translations as they contain a high amount of terminology that only a specialist translator could deal with.